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Issue 1

SHORT ARTICLE- DIGITAL DATA PROTECTION IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE DIGITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION ACT, 2023

Vijay Kumar Verma, Research Scholar, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, and Dr. Radhey Shyam Jha, Professor, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

ABSTRACT

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 marks a significant milestone in India’s evolving data governance framework, aiming to strike a balance between the fundamental right to privacy and the legitimate need for data processing in a digital economy. The Act, enacted in August 2023, establishes a comprehensive legal regime governing the collection, storage, processing, and transfer of digital personal data by introducing key concepts such as “data principal,” “data fiduciary,” and a consent-based processing mechanism, emphasizing individual autonomy over personal data. It grants individuals rights such as access to information, data correction and erasure, grievance redressal, and the ability to withdraw consent, while also requiring data fiduciaries to ensure lawful processing, data security, and breach notification, with significant penalties for noncompliance. Despite its progressive goal, the Act has faced criticism due to worries about extensive exemptions offered to government agencies, the Data Protection Board’s limited independence, and the potential erosion of openness rules. This study critically examines the structural framework, key provisions, and implications of the Act, highlighting both its strengths in enhancing data protection and its limitations in ensuring robust accountability. It also evaluates it in light of global standards such as the GDPR, emphasizing the need for stronger safeguards, clearer regulatory mechanisms, and effective enforcement to ensure meaningful data privacy protection in India’s rapidly digitizing society. 

Keywords: Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023; Data Privacy; Data Protection; Consent; Data Fiduciary; Data Principal; Right to Privacy; Cyber ​​Law; India; Data Governance; Information Technology Law

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Issue 1

SHORT ARTICLE- SANCTION BY SILENCE: THE DOCTRINAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF DEEMED PROSECUTION SANCTION UNDER SECTION 218 OF THE BNSS

This article is authored by Prakarsh Pandey, Advocate practicing before the Allahabad High Court, Lucknow Bench, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT

In India, for a long time, the concept of prosecution sanction has been followed as a substantive constitutional safeguard, requiring the executive to apply its mind to the propriety of prosecuting a public servant for acts committed in the discharge of official duty. The Supreme Court of India has also built an elaborate jurisprudence around this and treats sanctions not as a mere formality. However, Section 218 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (the “BNSS”) has changed the existing position. It added a new proviso to 218(1) imposing a 120-day time limit for the decision on sanction. The main change is that it provides that upon such failure, it will be deemed to have sanction been given. This research article discusses how deemed sanctions are counterproductive in that they do not provide substantive protection to public servants and do not create any accountability for subsequent prosecutions. Therefore, deemed sanctions create an unsound constitutional basis for all subsequent trials.

Keywords: Deemed Sanction, Section 218 BNSS, Application of Mind, Prosecution Sanction and Public Servant Accountability. 

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SHORT ARTICLE – HEALTH LAW AND MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE

This short article is written by Ayush Mishra, a LLB student of Asian Law College, Noida.

Abstract

Health law and medical jurisprudence together form a dynamic interface between the
disciplines of medicine and justice, addressing the ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges
that arise in healthcare delivery. This field explores how legal frameworks safeguard patient
rights, regulate medical practice, and ensure accountability in cases of negligence,
malpractice, and bioethical dilemmas. At the same time, medical jurisprudence provides the
evidentiary and scientific basis for adjudicating disputes, guiding courts in matters such as
forensic medicine, consent, confidentiality, and emerging issues like biotechnology and
digital health. The intersection highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, where
law interprets medical complexities and medicine informs legal reasoning. By bridging these
domains, health law and medical jurisprudence not only protect individual and public health
but also strengthen justice systems in adapting to evolving medical innovations and societal
expectations. This interface underscores the pursuit of fairness, ethical governance, and
human dignity in the administration of healthcare and justice.

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Issue 3

SHORT ARTICLE – WOMEN’S RIGHTS TO EQUAL PAY IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

This short article is written by Divyansha Singh.
Abstract:
The right to equal pay is a vital aspect of human rights, social justice, and constitutional fairness in India. Despite women’s significant contributions across formal and informal sectors, wage gaps and workplace discrimination remain widespread. Recent surveys highlight that nearly one in four salaried women in Indian metropolitan areas perceive a pay disparity, and a significant portion reports experiencing bias in their workplaces. Empirical studies reveal that women in sectors like technology, banking, financial services, insurance, life sciences, and healthcare earn between 19% to almost 30% less than men performing comparable roles. With an economic participation score of about 40.7% and pay parity close to just 30%, India is ranked 131st among 148 countries in the 2025 Global Gender Gap Index, trailing behind neighboring South Asian nations. These statistics expose profound structural challenges such as occupational segregation, systematic undervaluation of women’s roles, opaque pay practices, and persistent biases in career progression and leadership opportunities.
Additionally, intersecting factors including caste, class, religion, and migrant status exacerbate disparities for marginalized women. Addressing these inequalities requires more than legal mandates, it calls for diligent enforcement of laws like the Equal Remuneration Act and Code on Wages, comprehensive gender pay audits, transparent salary policies, workplace reforms, and awareness campaigns aimed at dismantling stereotypes. Closing the gender pay gap is imperative not only for upholding women’s rights but also to foster broader economic growth and social equity in India. Meaningful progress will emerge from combined policy action, corporate accountability, and cultural transformation that genuinely values women’s labor at par with men’s.

KEY WORDS: Equal pay, Wage disparity, Gender bias, Occupational segregation, Pay transparency.

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SHORT ARTICLE: WHY SHOULD WE READ A PRIVACY POLICY?

This short article is written by Kunda Mulenga, a 3rd-year law student at the University of Zambia. She is a passionate law student who aims to learn and explore laws around the globe.

ABSTRACT

In today’s digital age, where our personal information is constantly being collected, stored, and shared, the privacy policy has become a crucial document that deserves our attention. Whether we are signing up for a social media platform, downloading an app, or making an online purchase, we are often required to agree to terms that govern how our data is handled. Yet, most of us scroll past these policies without a second thought. This emphasizes the significance of reading privacy policies as a proactive step to protect personal information, ensuring users maintain control over their digital footprint in an increasingly data-driven world.

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SHORT ARTICLE: CONCEPT OF WAQF UNDER MUSLIM LAW

This short article is written by Yashfeen Khan, a Law Graduate from Dayanand College of Law, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. She is passionate about the field and with her continuous involvement in competitive legal forums, has helped expand her knowledge.

ABSTRACT

The concept of waqf represents a cornerstone of Islamic philanthropy and social welfare. Derived from the Arabic root “waqafa,” meaning to stop or restrain, waqf refers to the endowment of assets, typically for religious, educational, or charitable purposes. A waqf involves dedicating property or assets to a perpetual charitable cause, ensuring its benefits extend across generations while prohibiting its sale, inheritance, or transfer. It offers innovative solutions for poverty alleviation, education, and healthcare while fostering community solidarity. Challenges such as regulatory frameworks, transparency, and efficient management remain areas of focus to maximize its potential in modern economies. Historically, waqf played a vital role in the socio-economic development of Muslim societies, funding mosques, schools, hospitals, and public utilities.

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SHORT ARTICLE: DOES SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IMPACT ONE’S CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR?

This short article is written by Bhavika Makhija, a 3rd-year law student at Indore Institute of Law. She is passionate about the field and with her continuous involvement in competitive legal forums, has helped expand her knowledge.

ABSTRACT

“Does Socioeconomic Status Impact One’s Criminal Behavior?” explores the intricate relationship between socioeconomic conditions and criminal activity. This short article will examine existing research, highlighting how factors such as poverty, education, and employment can influence criminal behaviour. It will also delve into the theories that explain this link, including strain theory and social disorganization theory. By analyzing case studies and statistical data, the article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how socioeconomic status impacts individuals’ likelihood to engage in criminal activities and to discuss potential policy interventions to mitigate these effects.

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SHORT ARTICLE: LEGALITY OF PRENUPS IN INDIA

This short article is written by Bhavneet, A fifth-year law student at Chandigarh University. She is passionate about law and has written various blogs and articles which have helped widen her knowledge.

ABSTRACT

In India, where traditional marriage norms frequently take precedence over legal requirements, this article examines the validity and enforceability of prenuptial agreements, commonly referred to as prenups. Although prenuptial agreements are not specifically recognised by Indian law, this article explores their possible legality in light of the Indian Contract Act of 18721 And recent court rulings. It discusses the necessity for financial stability, prenuptial agreements, and the evolving landscape of Indian marital law. The article attempts to explain the legal environment around pre-nuptial agreements, identify difficulties in their enforcement, and offer best practices for couples thinking about signing one by analysing significant instances and professional opinions. In the end, it aims to educate readers on the function of prenuptial agreements in contemporary Indian marriages, along with their financial and personal ramifications.

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SHORT ARTICLE: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF LEMON LAWS

This short article is written by Atiya Sanjida, a 4th-year student at the University of Calcutta. She is a detail oriented law student who specialises in Legal Drafting.

ABSTRACT

“Understanding the Different Aspects of Lemon Laws” delves into the legal protections offered to consumers who purchase defective vehicles, commonly known as “lemons.” This short article will include an exploration of the criteria that determine a vehicle as a lemon, the rights of the consumers, and the responsibilities of the manufacturers. It will also cover the legal procedures for resolving lemon law claims and highlight notable case examples. By examining these aspects, the article aims to provide a clear and concise overview of lemon laws and their importance in protecting consumer rights.

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DIGITAL RAPE: A POPULAR MISCONCEPTION

This blog is written by Mahek Agarwal, a 5th year 9th semester BA LLB student from VM Salgaocar College of Law, Panjim, Goa. Mahek has consistently demonstrated a strong passion for corporate law throughout her academic journey. Her enthusiasm for this field is evident in her thorough research and keen analysis.

ABSTRACT

Digital Rape: A Popular Misconception” delves into the often misunderstood concept of digital rape, clarifying its legal definitions and societal implications. This blog will cover the nuances of digital rape, distinguishing it from other forms of sexual assault, and addressing common misconceptions. It will explore the legal framework, case studies, and the psychological impact on survivors. By shedding light on this critical issue, the blog aims to foster a deeper understanding and promote informed discussions about digital rape and its place within the broader context of sexual violence.

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