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This short article has been written by Vidhan Dixit. He is a law student at National Law University Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar.

ABSTRACT

Yatra Online’s merger with a U.S.-based SPAC, where SPACs can be defined as Special Purpose Acquisition Companies, are shell entities that raise capital through an Initial Public Offering (IPO) to later merge with or acquire private companies, enabling them to go public without a traditional IPO. Often termed “blank check companies,” SPACs gained prominence in India with deals like Yatra Online’s merger with a U.S.-based SPAC in 2016. However, their rapid growth has raised investor protection concerns due to past fraud cases, such as Nikola Corp. and Akazoo, which misled investors about business prospects. Regulatory bodies like the U.S. SEC and the UK’s FCA have introduced stricter disclosure norms and safeguards, including mandatory escrow accounts and shareholder approvals, to mitigate risks.

In India, SPACs face legal hurdles under the Companies Act, 2013, which mandates business commencement within a year, conflicting with SPACs’ typical 1-2 year target acquisition timeline. SEBI’s stringent IPO eligibility criteria, such as minimum tangible assets and profitability requirements, further complicate SPAC listings. Additionally, tax implications under the Income Tax Act, 1961, pose challenges for cross-border De-SPAC transactions.

Despite these challenges, SPACs offer a faster route to public markets, prompting global regulators to refine frameworks balancing innovation and investor protection. For India to harness SPACs effectively, amendments in corporate, securities, and tax laws are essential, alongside enhanced transparency and investor education to prevent fraud and ensure sustainable growth in this evolving financial instrument.

KEYWORDS- SPAC (Special Purpose Acquisition Companies), Investor Protection, Regulatory Challenges,  De-SPAC Transactions,  SEBI Guideline

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This short article has been written by Adhya Gupta. She is a Law student at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun

ABSTRACT

On June 3, 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (“SEBI”) issued Circular No. SEBI/HO/MIRSD/MIRSD‑PoD/P/CIR/2025/82, mandating a streamlined, automated mechanism for the invocation and sale of pledged securities as margin collateral by brokers and trading members. The move addresses persistent inefficiencies wherein invoked securities frequently remained unsold in brokers’ demat accounts, detracting from the intended objective of generating immediate liquidity through invocation. Under the new framework, client‑initiated sales of pledged securities will be executed via a single instruction, “pledge release for early pay‑in”, enabling immediate pledge release and settlement without manual intervention.

When a broker initiates the invocation, the corresponding shares, excluding units of unlisted mutual funds, will be immediately blocked from the client’s demat account for early pay-in. A clear and auditable trail of this transaction will be maintained in the broker’s margin pledge account. A bespoke “invocation cum redemption” process will apply to unlisted mutual fund units, allowing automatic redemption post‑invocation. Additionally, in scenarios where client trading accounts are frozen or restricted post‑pledge, the invoked securities will be moved to the broker’s demat account. and sold under proprietary codes on the same day to prevent accumulation.

These provisions, set to take effect from September 5, 2025, are backed by depositories’ obligation to provide clear operating guidelines by July 1, 2025. Through automation and integration of invocation and sale processes, SEBI aims to eliminate manual delays, enhance operational efficiency, reduce systemic risks, and strengthen investor protection in margin‑based transactions.

Keywords: Margin pledge automation; Invocation‑sale integration; Early pay‑in; Client‑security protection; Invocation cum redemption

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This Short article has been written by Anavi Nagpal and co- authored by Ashish Singh. Anavi and Ashish are law students at at Northcap University.

Abstract

In a rapidly digital globalized economy continuously eroding the traditional boundaries of commerce, the principle of territoriality in intellectual property (IP) law is acquiring newfound significance and presenting increasingly complex legal challenges. This article explores the area of lawless law – that is, of cross-country litigation in intellectual property – through the lens of the Indian legal system. Growing tensions between domestic sovereign national statutes and modern online commerce, which is essentially borderless, challenge existing territorial frameworks and regulations, as many infringements occur instantaneously across countries. This article examines India’s changing statutory and constitutional framework and the transformative legal reasoning of its courts in some complex cross-border digital infringement cases, including the use of the “effects doctrine.” The experiences of these courts in dealing with cross-border online forums are significant because they provide insight into approaches for digital intellectual property regimes.

The article outlines a changing landscape in jurisdictional conflict of laws and enforcement options through carefully analyzing seminal case law and existing international cooperation agreements. It identifies the persistent and daunting challenges to effective resolution, including considerations of the practical difficulties of enforcing a foreign judgment in a cross-border context, and complicated conflicts of law analysis in cases applying substantive law. The article addresses a new frontier of emerging judicial and technology-based solutions, i.e., “dynamic injunctions” to counteract the challenge of multi-headed infringing websites, and blockchain’s significance in establishing an immutable IP registry. The article concludes with a substantive argument in favor of a future-focused, multifaceted approach that promotes selective legislative measures (including ratifying key WIPO treaties), capacity-building (i.e., judicial education and IP benches), and a more proactive approach to international fora as well as an influential role for India in international negotiations. The article articulates that a holistic approach is necessary to provide a predictable, effective, and fair legal environment to protect Indian innovative work in the global architecture, while also providing certainty for foreign right holders in India, ultimately signaling India’s importance in knowledge economies.

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This short article has been written by Manali Palit. She is a law student at Seacom Skills University.

ABSTRACT

Cyberbullying is a particularly heinous form of cybercrime; it is different from traditional bullying because of its far-reaching impact through the digital space. Although bullying is not a new concept, its digital form, cyberbullying, has become an accepted “new evil” in today’s connected society. Cyberbullying disproportionately affects women, who are frequently viewed as the most vulnerable portion of society. Women and girls are more vulnerable to online harassment due to the growing accessibility of the internet and mobile technology, endangering their safety and privacy.

This study explores the unique challenges faced by women in the online space, mainly focusing on the rising issue of cyberbullying. It examines the role of the Indian legal system, studies all the laws relating to this problem, and studies related case laws advocating for a human rights-based approach to empower women, freedom of expression, and protection from violence in cyberspace. The paper highlights the importance of measures, well-informed policies, and collaborative efforts of citizens and government to mitigate risks and promote women’s well-being online. By understanding both societal and legal perspectives, The study emphasizes the necessity of an all-encompassing plan to stop cyberbullying and provide a safer online space for Indian women.

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This Short article has been written by Sadhana Umashankar Prasad. Sadhana is a law student at Gokul Global University, Sidhpur, Gujarat.

ABSTRACT

India is one of the largest countries in the world with different biodiversity. Mainly, the livelihoods of indigenous peoples depend on the preservation and protection of traditional knowledge about the use and operation of biological and natural resources. In recent years, traditional knowledge has become more and more important, and multinational companies and research institutions have used this knowledge for commercial purposes for free. This jeopardizes the protection of traditional knowledge by local and indigenous communities, which seems to be one of the most contentious and difficult issues. Even India’s dominant intellectual property, access and benefit sharing paradigm cannot fully protect knowledge because it reflects Western norms and laws and only focuses on the protection of intellectual property rights in the community. India has witnessed many incidents of biological plagiarism and a more comprehensive approach is needed to protect community rights and novices and biological genetic resources from such misappropriation. By enumerating various cases of biological piracy, the necessary steps to protect new technologies and biodiversity are necessary. Even India’s dominant IPRs, access and benefit sharing paradigm cannot fully protect knowledge because it reflects Western norms and laws and only focuses on the protection of IPRs in the community. India’s traditional knowledge is proving to be a powerful weapon in the fight against false patents, sometimes referred to as “bio-piracy”. Our country has witnessed many incidents of bio piracy and a good inclusive approach is needed to protect the rights of the community, novices and biological genetic resources from such misuse. By enumerating the various cases of bio-piracy, it is necessary to take necessary steps to protect new technologies and biodiversity.

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This Short article has been written by Rishika Jha. She is a Law student at Amity University, Mumbai.

ABSTRACT

The frameworks for bankruptcy and insolvency in the US and India are compared in this article, with an emphasis on their respective histories, procedural distinctions, and effects on corporate settings. India’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) of 2016 introduced a creditor-in-control model, where the management of a defaulting company is suspended, and a Committee of Creditors takes charge of the resolution process. In contrast, the US Chapter 11 bankruptcy system follows a debtor-in-possession approach, allowing existing management to retain control during restructuring, which generally supports business rehabilitation and continuity. While the IBC has streamlined insolvency proceedings in India and improved creditor confidence, challenges such as procedural delays, frequent amendments, and limited cross-border insolvency provisions persist. A strong legal system and well-defined procedures for international collaboration, which make it easier to recognise foreign bankruptcy cases, are advantages of the US framework. The practical impact of these variations on stakeholders, such as creditors, shareholders, and workers, are also covered in the study, with a focus on how bankruptcy laws affect market dynamics and corporate risk-taking. It further identifies shortcomings such as India’s need for enhanced judicial capacity, formal cross-border protocols, and procedural consistency, while noting that the US could improve oversight and expedite proceedings to prevent potential abuses of the debtor-in-possession model. Ultimately, the paper argues that both countries can learn from each other: India by incorporating more debtor friendly measures and strengthening international cooperation, and the US by refining procedural efficiency. This comparative study aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and business stakeholders to foster more effective insolvency regimes that support economic growth and stability in an increasingly globalized market

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This Short article has been written by SOWMYA.A and co- authored by Dr. ARUN.D RAJ. Sowmya and Arun are Law Students at School of Law, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University Chennai Campus, Chennai.

ABSTRACT

This AI-generated content now has a different meaning than that of the machine learning and neural network point of view. This vary technological breakthrough raises challenges and discussions worldwide about what is human and machine creativity. There are different histories of copyright and authorship connected to one another through the case studies of AI-generated works and the disputes created over them. Indeed, the legal situation is beset by a formidable challenge-how do AI-generated content and concepts find a place within copyright law? Differing practices across nations are more than enough evidence that there exist significant gaps in the global copyright guidelines. Integration between governments, companies, artists, and additional parties will be sorely needed to produce frameworks still to come. The benefits of AI-generated content are many, such as increased efficiency, enhanced creativity, better access, and wider diversity among kinds of creative output. And these benefits come hand in hand with aligning the risks it poses-stability versus quality, originality, job displacement, and ethical aspects concerning bias and fair use. The frequency of impacting creators and industries will be unseen; tackling these issues evokes a great deal of active thinking and innovative approaches to achieving commonality in creativity between humanity and artificial intelligence. To follow trends, adaptation always needs to be ensured in the future by working together. Therefore, a holistic approach is significant in understanding and managing AI-generated content towards a restorative and innovative future for the creative industries.

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This short article is written by Kunda Mulenga, a 3rd-year law student at the University of Zambia. She is a passionate law student who aims to learn and explore laws around the globe.

ABSTRACT

In today’s digital age, where our personal information is constantly being collected, stored, and shared, the privacy policy has become a crucial document that deserves our attention. Whether we are signing up for a social media platform, downloading an app, or making an online purchase, we are often required to agree to terms that govern how our data is handled. Yet, most of us scroll past these policies without a second thought. This emphasizes the significance of reading privacy policies as a proactive step to protect personal information, ensuring users maintain control over their digital footprint in an increasingly data-driven world.

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This short article is written by Atiya Sanjida, a 4th-year student at the University of Calcutta. She is a detail oriented law student who specialises in Legal Drafting.

ABSTRACT

“Understanding the Different Aspects of Lemon Laws” delves into the legal protections offered to consumers who purchase defective vehicles, commonly known as “lemons.” This short article will include an exploration of the criteria that determine a vehicle as a lemon, the rights of the consumers, and the responsibilities of the manufacturers. It will also cover the legal procedures for resolving lemon law claims and highlight notable case examples. By examining these aspects, the article aims to provide a clear and concise overview of lemon laws and their importance in protecting consumer rights.

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